An investigation of a gray, optically thick planetary atmosphere in convective radiative equilibrium

Gray optically thick planetary atmosphere in convective-radiative equilibriu

Upgrading and testing program for narrow band high resolution planetary IR imaging spectrometer

An imaging spectrometer, intended primarily for observations of the outer planets, which utilizes an acoustically tuned optical filter (ATOF) and a charge coupled device (CCD) television camera was modified to improve spatial resolution and sensitivity. The upgraded instrument was a spatial resolving power of approximately 1 arc second, as defined by an f/7 beam at the CCD position and it has this resolution over the 50 arc second field of view. Less vignetting occurs and sensitivity is four times greater. The spectral resolution of 15 A over the wavelength interval 6500 A - 11,000 A is unchanged. Mechanical utility has been increased by the use of a honeycomb optical table, mechanically rigid yet adjustable optical component mounts, and a camera focus translation stage. The upgraded instrument was used to observe Venus and Saturn

Planetary investigation utilizing an imaging spectrometer system based upon charge injection technology

An intrinsic silicon charge injection device (CID) television sensor array has been used in conjunction with a CaMoO4 colinear tunable acousto optic filter, a 61 inch reflector, a sophisticated computer system, and a digital color TV scan converter/computer to produce near IR images of Saturn and Jupiter with 10A spectral resolution and approximately 3 inch spatial resolution. The CID camera has successfully obtained digitized 100 x 100 array images with 5 minutes of exposure time, and slow-scanned readout to a computer. Details of the equipment setup, innovations, problems, experience, data and final equipment performance limits are given

Development and evaluation of a Hadamard transform imaging spectrometer and a Hadamard transform thermal imager

A spectrometric imager and a thermal imager, which achieve multiplexing by the use of binary optical encoding masks, were developed. The masks are based on orthogonal, pseudorandom digital codes derived from Hadamard matrices. Spatial and/or spectral data is obtained in the form of a Hadamard transform of the spatial and/or spectral scene; computer algorithms are then used to decode the data and reconstruct images of the original scene. The hardware, algorithms and processing/display facility are described. A number of spatial and spatial/spectral images are presented. The achievement of a signal-to-noise improvement due to the signal multiplexing was also demonstrated. An analysis of the results indicates both the situations for which the multiplex advantage may be gained, and the limitations of the technique. A number of potential applications of the spectrometric imager are discussed

The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets

Straddling the traditional realms of the planets and the stars, objects below the edge of the main sequence have such unique properties, and are being discovered in such quantities, that one can rightly claim that a new field at the interface of planetary science and and astronomy is being born. In this review, we explore the essential elements of the theory of brown dwarfs and giant planets, as well as of the new spectroscopic classes L and T. To this end, we describe their evolution, spectra, atmospheric compositions, chemistry, physics, and nuclear phases and explain the basic systematics of substellar-mass objects across three orders of magnitude in both mass and age and a factor of 30 in effective temperature. Moreover, we discuss the distinctive features of those extrasolar giant planets that are irradiated by a central primary, in particular their reflection spectra, albedos, and transits. Aspects of the latest theory of Jupiter and Saturn are also presented. Throughout, we highlight the effects of condensates, clouds, molecular abundances, and molecular/atomic opacities in brown dwarf and giant planet atmospheres and summarize the resulting spectral diagnostics. Where possible, the theory is put in its current observational context.Comment: 67 pages (including 36 figures), RMP RevTeX LaTeX, accepted for publication in the Reviews of Modern Physics. 30 figures are color. Most of the figures are in GIF format to reduce the overall size. The full version with figures can also be found at: http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/papers/rm

STUDIES CONCERNING THE OPTIMUM HAMILTONIAN FOR USE IN LARGE AMPLITUTUDE, DIRECT NUMERICAL DIAGONALIZATION CALCULATIONS

$^{1}$ R.B. Wattson and L.S. Rothman, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 119, 83-100 (1986). $^{2}$ E.B. Wilson, Jr. J.C. Decius, and P.C. Cross, Molecular Vibrations (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955); J.K.G. Watson, Mol. Phys. 15, 479 (1968); J.K.G. Watson, Mol. Phys. 19, 465 (1970).Author Institution: Visidyne, Inc.It would be desirable to extend the Direct Numerical Diagonalization (DND) calculations1 to handle the large amplitude vibrations that occur in molecules at very high temperatures approaching disassociation. Many important advances have occurred recently in the formulation of the full rotation-vibration kinetic energy for the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian of a general polyatomic molecule. These new approaches generally utilize curvilinear internal coordinates rather than the rectilinear internal coordinates associated with the traditional $form^{2}$ of the kinetic energy. In applying a new technique like DND, there are different requirements on the form of the Hamiltonian than has been usual for perturbation approaches. These formulations are compared with DND calculations in mind, and a valence coordinate Hamiltonian which satisfies the Eckart conditions is derived for comparison. The balance between the range of applicable domain and the minimization of off-diagonal matrix elements will be discussed. Future DND calculations using the most promising Hamiltonians should reveal the optimum approach for the calculation of the large amplitude properties of triatomic molecules

ENERGY LEVELS AND BAND STRENGTHS OF CARBON DIOXIDE CALCULATED BY DIRECT NUMERICAL DIAGONALIZATION

1. R.B. Wattson and L.S. Rothman, paper MF16, Thirty-ninth Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy, Ohio State University (1984). 2. C.P. Rinsland, D.C. Benner, V. Malathy Devi, P.S. Ferry, C.H. Sutton, and D.J. Richardson, Appl. Opt. 23, 2051 (1984).Author Institution: Visidyne, Inc; Optics Division, Air Force Geophysics LaboratoryThe Direct Numerical Diagonalization $technique^{1}$ has been applied to the two principal symmetric species of carbon dioxide. Incorporating recent new high resolution measurements made at the McMath Solar Facility at Kitt Peak National Observatory by Rinsland et $al^{2}$ and the 2-meter path difference Fourier transform spectrometer at AFGL, new values for the potential function and dipolar coefficients have been calculated. The results are compared with the potential functions calculated by earlier Direct Numerical Diagonalization efforts as well as the contact transformation approach. The results are also discussed in terms of the effects of truncation errors and completeness of basis sets. This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, through AFGL task 2310G1

A CONSISTENT GLOBAL SOLUTION OF 12C16O2{^{12}}C{^{16}}O_{2} VIBRATIONAL ENERGY LEVELS AND BAND STRENGTHST

$^{1}$. I. Suzuki, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 80, 12 (1980). $^{2}$. J. Bord\'{e}, J. Physique 39, 369 (1978). This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, through AFGL task 2310G1.Author Institution: Visidyne, Inc., Burlington, MA; Optics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MAThe Direct Numerical Diagonalization (DND) technique has been utilized for the study of the potential and dipole moment functions of ${^{12}}C{^{16}}O_{2}$. The present implementation is a three dimensional formulation, including three dimensionless normal coordinates, harmonic oscillator basis states, and a Given's diagonalization scheme. The ${^{12}}C{^{16}}O_{2}$ potential has been determined by a nonlinear least squares fitting procedure for matching the DND eigenvalues to experimentally derived vibrational energy levels. Inaccuracies due to lack of basis set completeness (i.e., finiteness of the Hamiltonian matrix) and due to truncation of the potential function expansion are discussed. A comparison of the final eigenstate energies with those determined by the twice-contact transformed Hamiltonian technique is also shown. The eigenvectors resulting from the diagonalization are then used to similarity transform the matrix formed from a Taylor series expansion of the dipole moment operator. The solution of the Hamiltonian (i.e., the isolated, mechanical problem) is thus utilized to transform dipole moment derivatives into transition moments (i.e., the nonisolated, electrical problem). Inversion of this transform makes possible the calculation of dipole moment coefficients. Methods are discussed for dealing with the sign ambiguities arising from determining the transition moments as square roots of band strengths. ``Hot'' and difference band strengths can then be calculated from overtone and combination band strength data. The eigenvectors and calculated band strengths (especially the combination vs difference band strengths) are compared with $Suzuki's^{[1]}$ DND and $Bord\acute{e}s^{[2]}$ contact transformation work. Also covered is the extension of this technique to future calculations of individual line strengths for general polyatomic molecules